RU:Глоссарий

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Glossary - Other languages

Эта страница содержит список технических и разговорных терминов используемых внутри и вокруг проекта OpenStreetMap.

Примечание: Эта страница заполняется произвольно. Конечно, этот список не полон. Есть очень много жаргона, слов, и названий ПО в и вокруг OpenStreetMap. На самом деле, заголовки страниц, используемые в вики часто бывают короткими и приятными, часто как одно слово с перенаправлением, о котором написано вверху страницы, таким образом вы можете найти нужный термин быстрее, просто воспользовавшись поиском.

A

  • API : Интерфейс программирования приложений (Application Programming Interface) - OSM API предоставляет высокоуровневый доступ к базам данных OpenStreetMap, позволяя клиентам запрашивать и редактировать объекты из базы данных. Из этого следует REST подход к построению веб-службы, также известный как The OSM "Protocol"

G

  • GIS : Географическая информационная система (Geographic Information System) (см. также Wikipedia)
  • GPS Receiver : Глобальная система определения местоположения приемника (Global Positioning System Receiver). Устройство, используемое для записи вашей позиции с использованием спутниковых сигналов.
  • GPS Unit : Another name for a GPS Receiver
  • GPX : GPS Exchange Format is an XML format used to represent data collected by GPS units. The OSM server accepts data in GPX format before processing it into the OSM data model.

J

  • Java : Programming language which we use for some peripheral components, such as the JOSM editor and the Osmosis framework.
  • Java Applet : We used to have a Java applet as one of our main Editing interfaces. It was the precursor to the Potlatch, appearing on the 'edit' tab of the main map. Potlatch replaced the Java Applet, and further development has largely ceased. It doesn't have a name other than the Java Applet. Like Potlatch it is a simple online editor, which uploads your changes immediately. In general a "Java applet" is type of dynamic object which can be embedded on a web page. It is the Java equivalent of things like Adobe Flash objects.
  • JOSM : The Java OpenStreetMap editor. It is a map viewing and editing tool written by Imi. It will run on most computers and allows a user to view, edit and upload data to the OpenStreetMap database.

K

  • k="something" v="something else" see tags
  • Key : The First Part of a tag representing a broader grouping or category. The second part of tag is the Value (key-value pairs)

L

  • Layer : Is used to describe the relative height of map features, to separate different parts of style sheets, a way to show different things in JOSM, etc.

M

  • Mapnik : Mapnik is a GIS library; a collection of code that does things like reprojecting and rendering geo-spatial data. Mapnik is used by OSM to generate tiles for the slippy map.
  • Mapping : The process of gathering data for the OSM map. Typically done by foot, bicycle or car with a GPS receiver and noting down street names in parallel.

N

O

  • OCOSMD : Obsessive Compulsive OpenStreetMapping Disorder. (Google for OCOSMD for examples)
  • OGC : The Open Geospatial Consortium (http://www.opengeospatial.org/) is a non-profit standards body that defines standards for the use and storage of geospatial data.
  • OSGeo : The Open Source Geospatial Foundation promotes the development and use of Open Source, community-based Geospatial software.
  • Open : We try to do everything in the spirit of openness. Our maps are "open" in that anyone can use them (licensing issues notwithstanding), anyone can see how they were created, anyone can participate in that process. In addition most of our software is Open Source, meaning that software developers can participate in developing the project in that way.
  • Open Source : Программное обеспечение, созданное в духе открытости. Его исходный код доступен для скачивания, изменения и дальнейшего распространения (бесплатно). Чтобы избежать путаницы, пожалуйста, не сокращайте этот термин до OS!
  • Operating System : Software such as Linux, Mac OS X, Windows or Solaris for low level management of a computer system. Devices also have them. To avoid confusion, please don't refer to it as OS!
  • Ordnance Survey - Mapping organisation in the UK, with extremely detailed maps collected and funded by the taxpayer... and then sold back to them at prohibitively expensive prices. To avoid confusion, please don't refer to it as OS!
  • OS : К сожалению, аббревиатура OS используется для трёх совершенно разных вещей, о которых можно упомянуть в этом контексте, что может привести к путанице: см. "Ordnance Survey", "Open Source" и "Operating System".
  • OSM : OpenStreetMap. This whole project. See About
  • .osm : The XML format that is produced by the OSM server. It is used for communication with the API and also for the weekly Planet dumps.
  • Osmarender : The renderer used by the Tiles@home project, also the name of the tiles@home default layer because of this.

P

  • Projection: The standard "projection" of OSM material is Plate Carree (no transformation, EPSG:4326), the standard projection for rendered OSM data, i.e. map tiles, usually is Spherical Mercator (EPSG:900913)

R

  • Ref : a Tag used to enter reference numbers to i.e. roads. For example the M 24 gets the key/value "ref=M 24" see Map_Features on the wiki.
  • Relations : Relations are a new kind of data primitive added more recently. They are basically groups of objects in which each object may take on a specific role. Relations may also have tags.
  • REST : Web development paradigm which we adopt with our protocol interface (API). It means we make objects available at unique URLs, and follow standard use of HTTP protocol features.
  • Router : A service/device for working out a route between two geographical points using OSM or other map data (often for use as a navigation aid).
  • Ruby : A relatively new multipurpose programming language. We have a number of data manipulation scripts and libraries in Ruby. The protocol interface was originally written in pure ruby before being ported to Ruby on Rails...
  • Ruby on Rails : Called "Rails" for short. A ruby framework for rapid data-driven web development. OSM core components were ported to ruby on rails...
  • The Rails Port : OSM core components: The protocol interface (API) and the front end website components are often referred to as as "The Rails Port" because there was a large development effort to port these (change the code over) to Ruby on Rails. They were originally written in pure Ruby. The rails port runs on the Servers/www

S

  • Scaleable Vector Graphics : see SVG below.
  • Segment : Segments were originally a separate data primitive alongside Nodes and Ways. These were removed, to simplify the data model, with the introduction of protocol version 0.5. Since then, the word "Segment" is increasingly being used to mean, a straight section of a way between exactly two Nodes. This is similar to its previous meaning, but a segment manifests itself within node and way definitions rather than being an actual data primitive. To be clearer it may be better to refer to them as "way-segments".
  • SiRFstar III : A GPS chipset by SiRF Technologies.
  • Slippy map : The word 'slippy' (rather than 'static') is used to highlight that a map image can be dragged around allowing a user to see what's off the edge of the display.
  • SVG : Scaleable Vector Grapics. XML format for representing vector graphics. SVG maps can expoted using the export tab, or created by Osmarender.

T

  • Tagging : Add tags to (key=value pairs) to Nodes and Ways.
  • Tag : A tag is a key=value pair, a.k.a. "attributes", set on OpenStreetMap entities like Node, Way or Relation. Each tag consists of a key name and a value. This is sometimes simply written as key=value (e.g. highway=residential) or as k=key, v=value (k=highway v=residential) both ways of writing it mean the same thing. In editors like JOSM you don't have to put k= or = you just use the key field to enter the key name and the value field to enter the value. See XML Schema#The tags
  • Tiles@home : A distributed rendering effort to render map tiles for the Osmarender layer of the slippy map. see Tiles@home
  • Trace :
  • Tracing : Creating traces with a GPS receiver. The result are NMEA files.
  • Track : The word track can either refer to a "GPS track" (see Recording GPS tracks), or to a type of footpath / rough road (see Track)
  • Tracklog :

V

  • Value : The Second Part of a tag, which goes under a Key.

W

  • Way : An ordered list of one or more Nodes. Ways get rendered as streets/railways/footpaths/canals etc according to the tag(s) indicating what type of way it is. Ways are contiguous and non-branching. (You can get from beginning to end by following segments of the way, without "jumping" or backtracing) See Data Primitives#Way and XML Schema#Way
  • WGS84 : The ellipsoid that GPS is based upon. All geodata in OSM uses WGS84. This can be very different for geodata gathered from other sources. For example the Royal Observatory in Greenwich is at 0°0'0"E in the ellipsoid for OS maps, but at 0°0'5"W in WGS84.

А

  • Апплет : См. Java-апплет

К

М

  • Маппинг: сленговое слово от английского Mapping. Синоним картографирование.

П

  • Полигон : Термин рендеринга карты; полигон, к примеру, обозначает парк или промышленную зону. Представляет собой замкнутую область (например круг), для точного обозначения также требуются теги.

Э

  • Элементы : Самый низкий уровень простых понятий / объектов, представленных в базе данных. В базе данных OSM есть "точки", "линии" и "отношения".
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