Zh-hans:Vandalism
破坏是故意无视 OpenStreetMap 社区规范的行为。简单的错误和编辑错误不是破坏行为，但可能需要使用与修复破坏行为相同的工具进行回退。
有关违反社区共识规范的其他类型的讨论，请参见 abuse 。
故意破坏和其他类型的不良行为
最纯粹意义上的破坏行为是地图上的“涂鸦”行为，出于幼稚的乐趣或故意破坏 OpenStreetMap 的目的。纯粹的破坏行为相对罕见。OpenStreetMap 是一个非盈利的公益事业，地图数据为社区“所有”。总的来说，人们倾向于尊重这一点。
还有各种其他类型的不良行为与破坏行为非常相似，其动机不只是幼稚的乐趣，但导致需要相同类型的补救措施。这些包括：
- 侵犯版权
- OpenStreetMap 数据库中的争议（编辑战）
- wiki 上的争议
- 不恰当地使用机器人
- 持续的破坏性行为
- Spamming
- 有目的地删除已知正确的数据
- 故意添加错误数据
- 未经讨论的导入。
简单的错误和编辑错误不是故意破坏，但可能需要回退。
应对破坏行为
Info for beginners
如果您发现地图有错误或损坏（无论是否恶意），您可能会感到困惑/不确定应该做什么和如何做。在这种情况下，像往常一样联系其他编辑者并寻求帮助。但也许此页面上的信息会有所帮助。
一般准则
2009 年 9 月的一次讨论 的观点是：
- We should expect that all contributors should at all time attempt to make good, accurate and well researched changes
- We need to ensure that every contributor is on-balance making the dataset better, not worse. If the contribution is in doubt we owe it to other contributors to investigate and respond.
- We should be aware that people make mistakes, need time to learn and newbies often need and will respond to support
- We can request, but not require contributors to add comments to their changesets and to have created a useful personal page with some details about their interest and knowledge. Doing this makes reversion less likely and make it more likely that the person will be helped if needed.
- In the event that someone seems to be doing strange edits one should initially assume "good faith" but should watch carefully and discuss with others if appropriate.
- If a significant number of edits to ways can be definitively proved to be malicious, obscene, libelous or it is considered that they might bring the project into disrepute then the related change-sets can be reverted immediately without discussion and without 100% checking of the rest of the change-set.
- If the edits are dubious but it can't be proved to be incorrect then we should contact the person and ask for some additional information. If we don't get a reasonable response (or gets no response) and the dubious edits continue and there are not a good number of balancing clearly positive contributions then we should look to prove at least one bad edit and may then come to the decision in discussion with others that it is appropriate to revert the change-set in question and potentially all changesets by that person.
- Once someone has been identified as a problematic contributor then one only needs to perform a brief of inspection of subsequent edits before reversion future changesets.
- If the problem continues then we put them on "virtual ban" where their edits get reverted with no inspection of the merit of the changes unless the person contacts a sys-admin and says they have grown-up and want another chance.
- If someone performs bad edits in any part of the world then they can expect to be a global response because it seems very unlikely that someone would mess with Ireland and do good work in Iceland and I am not sure I would want to work out what was going on in their head — I would prefer to protect the good work of others from mischief that allow good work to be messed on the off-chance that some good edits are also made in amongst the nonsense.
- People who revert other people's work should expect to be able to demonstrate that the reversion was well reasoned and proportionate to the issue.
- Sometimes "null" edits — ones which have no purpose other than to "touch" the element — get made by mistake, by the editor or are useful for updating an area. However, large numbers of "null" edits will be considered disruptive behaviour.
正常回退
如果破坏的范围是局部的，对整个社区的影响有限，那么假设对方没有恶意，请使用 OSM 网站的留言功能直接礼貌地沟通，并等待 24-48 小时以获得回复。如果没有适当的回应，则可以在适当的邮件列表（通常是国家或地方列表）或在 OSM 交流群讨论该行为是否是合理的。如果某些编辑被证明是无效的，并且不清楚它们是否有用，则应该回退有问题的变更集。
快速回退
如果可以明确证明某人的编辑是恶意的、淫秽的、诽谤的，那么应立即回退并向该编辑者询问。同时可以联系数据工作组。清除恶意编辑涉及复杂的还原过程，因此如果您不熟悉这些工具，请寻求社区或数据工作组的帮助。
临时封禁
如果在通过变更集讨论和/或消息与一名编辑者取得联系后，用户拒绝回应并且不改变他们的行为， 数据工作组（DWG）可能会暂时封禁相关用户。这既不是有罪推定，也不是项目的驱逐。相反，这是一种引起编辑者注意的措施，因为他们必须登录 OSM 站点并阅读封禁消息，然后才能继续通过 API 上传编辑。
临时封禁有不同的时间长度，典型长度为 0 到 96 小时。他们还可以要求用户在删除之前登录并阅读封禁消息，无论过期时间如何。
DWG 成员通常会在一个帐户上放置一个 0 小时的封禁，并以阅读封禁消息作为对不回复的冲突编辑者的初始措施。
封禁历史可以在这里看到。
长期封禁和永久封禁
有关更多信息，请参阅 OSM Foundation ban policy 。
治理
在可能的情况下，当地的 OpenStreetMap 社区应尝试通过上述步骤解决破坏行为。
数据工作组
数据工作组由基金会授权处理更严重的破坏行为，并在每月董事会会议上向董事会报告。如果需要阻止帐户，则应将问题报告给数据工作组 (data@osmfoundation.org)。
Data Working Group should be also contacted if problem requires hiding some parts of history of edited objects.
Development
有许多可能的工具和技术可用于管理故意破坏问题。可能的工具包括：
- White lists
- Data rollback — 让社区使用经过测试的工具运行此任务
- Data deletion — 让社区使用经过测试的工具运行此任务
- Change rollback (回退)
- History removal — 需要高级权限
- Rollbacks
- Data with later history
检测
- 主条目：Detect Vandalism
目前有一些工具可用于恢复对特定变更集的编辑。这些工具目前很难使用，并且需要良好的技术知识才能在不进一步造成损坏的情况下进行操作。
在 OSM 中检测破坏行为是一个棘手的情况，因为上述破坏行为的类型、程度和影响范围很广。 OSMCha 是可用于此目的的工具之一。
法律状况
许多国家都有针对网络犯罪的法律，其中包括 "破坏计算机信息系统，从而造成损害" 或类似的内容。虽然目前没有人因破坏 OSM 而被告上法庭甚至被定罪的已知案例，但理论上这些法律甚至适用于那些持续在 OSM 中添加“涂鸦”的人，特别是那些逃避永久或长期封锁的人。
参见
External links
- 破坏于维基百科