Zh-hant:Names
 圖徵 : Zh-hant:Names
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| 說明 |
| 提供開放街圖圖徵名稱的細節。 |
| 標籤 |
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name=* |
提供開放街圖圖徵名稱的細節。
鍵的種類
| 關鍵字(Key) | 值 (Value) | 元素 (Element) | 說明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| name | 使用者自訂 |   
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常用的通用名稱。 注解：在爭議區域，請使用此名稱顯示） 請將所有替代名稱放入當地名稱（如nameːjp、name:kr）或其他種類的名稱（loc_name/old_name/alt_name）。 |
| name:<xx> | 使用者自訂 |
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多語言名稱，如：name:en=Kaohsiung。 注解：所有名稱相關的鍵都能使用語言後輟[1]，請參閱Multilingual names。 |
| name:left[:<xx>], name:right[:<xx>] | 使用者自訂 |
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使用於路徑兩側有不同名稱時。（如一條街道為兩個國家的邊界時） |
| int_name[:<xx>] | 使用者自訂 |
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國際名稱。 （注解：考慮使用特定語言名稱替代，如name:en=* ）。國際名稱不必然是英語。 |
| loc_name[:<xx>] | 使用者自訂 |
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在地名稱。 |
| nat_name[:<xx>] | 使用者自訂 |
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國定名稱。 |
| official_name[:<xx>] | 使用者自訂 |
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官方名稱／全稱。 請釐清name與official_name的異同（如：official_name=南臺科技大學，Name=南台科大）。 |
| old_name[:<xx>] | 使用者自訂 |
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歷史名稱／舊名稱（如name=高雄，old_name=打狗） |
| ref_name[:<xx>] | User defined |
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Unique, human-readable name of this object in an external data management system. |
| reg_name[:<xx>] | 使用者自訂 |
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區域性名稱。 |
| short_name[:<xx>] | 使用者自訂 |
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簡稱。 應便於辨識以便搜尋（能被Nominatim辨識），常是名稱的縮寫或簡稱，而非暱稱、俗稱（請使用alt_name=*。 |
| sorting_name[:<xx>] | 使用者自訂 |
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供系統正確分類名稱。在特定語言中，名稱可能包含序數、量詞、解釋性詞彙或描述其狀態的部分等不必要的部分，其不必要的部分可能置於主要名稱之前，按字母順序排列的搜尋系統會以置於詞首的詞彙作為主要分類，導致未如預期的分類結果。（使用範例：name=street of Communication，sorting_name=Communication street） |
| alt_name[:<xx>] | 使用者自訂 |
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別稱。 若名稱不符合上述名稱標籤的性質，請使用alt_name=*（如：name=7-11，alt_name=小七）。 |
| nickname[:<xx>] | User defined |
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Nickname (e.g. "Warschauer Allee" for BAB 2 in Germany 3140168 3140168).
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| Do not use this tag, suffixed name tagging for multiple values is deprecated. |
This table is a wiki template with a default description in English. Editable here.
此表格由模版自動生成，協助改善中譯版本請按此。
Notes
Abbreviation (don't do it)
If the name can be spelled without an abbreviation, then don't abbreviate it. Computers can easily shorten words, but not the other way (St. could be Street or Saint). If the signs have abbreviated words and you don't know what the full word is, then use it temporarily until someone else completes it. Using short forms is a decision of software, i.e., the underlying data should have the full street name. This will allow a renderer, a router or a location finder to introduce abbreviations as necessary. See, for instance, the list of abbreviations used by Name Finder and Nominatim.
Use mixed case with the first letter of each word capitalised, e.g., Church Street, not Church street. Note: Regional rules have preference over general rules. For example, in Flemish, capitalisation of last names gives a hint about the nobility status of the person. Street or company names derived from those last names should copy the same capitalisation. In non-Latin based languages, it's often not even possible to capitalise a name.
If the name is incorrect when spelled in full, however, do not falsely expand it. (For example: Wilts & Berks Canal, British placenames beginning with "St", invalid abbreviation expansion.)
Apart from following the above rules, you should always enter the full name as it appears on the street name signs.
Be aware that street signs may contain errors.
Watch out for apostrophes. The same rule applies. If the street sign has an apostrophe, the OSM data should have an apostrophe. There is no obvious consistency; the London Underground station Barons Court is adjacent to Earl's Court, one with an apostrophe, one without.
Name is the name only
The names should be restricted to the name of the item in question only and should not include additional information not contained in the official name such as categories, types, descriptions, addresses, refs, or notes. However - if something has the official name "East 110th Street" this full name should be in the name nonwithstanding the fact that the "street", the "110" and "east" might be deducible from some other information. If something really doesn't have a name, don't add a name to OpenStreetMap. Any additional information should be included in separate tags (see, e.g., aforementioned links) to identify its meaning.
Some examples of incorrect usage:
- "Multipolygon Baldo Forest" : do not include the object type or other OSM terminology, if it does not apply outside of OSM
- "The Royal Albert Hall, London" : do not otherwise include the location London as part of the name, even if there are multiple objects of the same name
- "closed pub (due for demolition)" : do not describe the object in lieu of a name. Consider the description tag and also adding an old_name tag
- "no name" : (see #No name, below)
- "Interstate 5 southbound lanes" : do not separately name parts of the same object where they are separate in OSM, but not outside of OSM.
- "Interstate 5": When a name would only be duplicating the information in the ref=* tag, then the ref and noname=yes is almost always more appropriate.
- "Manchester City" : (for a city named Manchester, do not add a descriptive City; however note that New York City may be correct as the common name for The City of New York)
- "Foobar Mountain, 8000 ft" : tag height in a separate tag (like ele=* or ele:ft=*), not as part of the name
- "Lower Hell Hole 1030-002 Dam" : do not embed a reference number in a name just because a source (here USGS GNIS) does so; use a separate ref=* tag
- "Union Pacific Railroad" : a name=* which was assigned during the USA's 2007-8 TIGER import (of roads and rail); the correct value is the name of the Subdivision/Branch/Line and this railroad name is properly the value of operator=* and/or owner=* (there are many other incorrect values besides Union Pacific). It is OK to precede a railroad name with an operator when two or more otherwise-identically named lines in close proximity would create serious confusion. For example, naming "CN Joliet Subdivision" and "UP Joliet Subdivision" or "BNSF Fort Worth Subdivision" and "UP Fort Worth Subdivision" is sensible. (For now. Even this convention may disappear in the future as operator=* and owner=* become more widespread and avoid such ambiguities).
It is certainly wrong for a mapper to invent a name for an airstrip; however most names were invented at some point in history, so if someone invents a name and it catches on and a sizeable group of people refer to the thing by that name, then it's ok to be mapped[1].
No name
Streets which have no name are tagged noname=yes by most mappers. The idea is to clearly indicate that the street genuinely doesn't have a name, because the absence of a name tag is increasingly used to indicate areas which need to be surveyed still.
Left and right names
For way objects, names can differ by side of the object.
For example, a street may be on the boundary between Belgium and the Netherlands, Belgium gives it the name "Amsterdamsestraat" and the Netherlands gives it the name "Brusselsestraat".
This is solved by using the name:left=* and name:right=* tags to name both sides separately (using the direction of the way to determine left and right) . The name=* tag can still include both names in order to support different tools.
Example:
note: different left-and-right names doesn't exclude the existence of multilingual names (which also happens more often on country borders). So tags like name:left:fr=* are possible.
Multiple names
If you have multiple names for a feature, first try to choose a rich semantic tag like any of the ones in the table (like short_name=*, old_name=* etc.). If none of them works, choose the alt_name=* tag. If there are multiple names that do not fit, alt_name=* can be used with semicolons.
Localization
By now the majority of rendering systems can deal with unicode characters, so you can use the local script for the default name tag. There is no need to use the Latin script.
See also Multilingual names
For adding localized names in different languages, add additional name:code=* tags with a suffix on the name key, where code is a language's ISO 639-1 alpha-2 code (in the second column), or ISO 639-2/T (alpha-3) code (technical/terminologic codes, including possibly codes for macrolanguages, but excepting codes allocated to group of languages, do not use bibliographic codes) if an ISO 639-1 code doesn't exist, or ISO 639-3 (alpha-3) codes (for isolated languages or macrolanguages) otherwise; do not use ISO 639-5 codes allocated for language families.
For example, name:fr=* for the name in French and name:en=* for the name in English. The default name (occupying the 'name' tag without suffix) should be the name in whatever language is used locally.
Here is an example of the usage. All these tags might appear on the same element :
name=Irgendwas (the default name, used locally) name:en=Something (the name in English) name:el=Κάτι (the name in Greek) name:de=Irgendwas (the name in German) name:pl=Coś (the name in Polish) name:fr=Quelque chose (the name in French) name:es=Algo (the name in Spanish) name:it=Qualcosa (the name in Italian) name:ja=何か (the name in Japanese) name:ko=뭔가 (the name in Korean) name:ko-Latn=Mweonga (the name in Romanised Korean) (conforming to BCP 47 standard. Deprecated:ko_rm)
This leads to a more precise definition of alternative names.
Example of language codes according to the alpha-2 (= two-letter-)code of ISO 639-1 :
de German pl Polish el Greek en English es Spanish fa Persian fr French it Italian ja Japanese ko Korean ru Russian zh Chinese ko-Latn Romanised Korean (conforming to BCP 47 standard. Deprecated:ko_rm)
A short discussion on this language suffixes can be found on the discussion page.
Renderer support: There are a few experimental rendering systems displaying these localised names. See Map Internationalization
Import: using osm2pgsql allows users to define new .style files which can include other language's name columns and bring them into the database. In order to render from these columns it is necessary to set up PostGIS views which present these columns as 'name' instead of 'name:languagecode'. An easier alternative might be to use a lua style file to move "name:XX" if it exists to "name". An example is seen in this diary.
Editor support: JOSM builds 1044 and newer support the display of local names. It detects the current system locale and tries to display names in this language first. You can change the order JOSM looks for names in the JOSM expert settings. Example: To display names written in Thai first, even if the current locale is 'en' set the following property:
mappaint.nameOrder=name:th;name:en;int_name;name
Avoid transliteration
Transliteration is the process of taking a name in one language, and simply changing letters from one script to another. In general we should avoid doing this with tags in the OpenStreetMap database. Everything with a name could have auto-generated transliterations, so not just city names, but every road, and every cafe! This kind of automatic augmenting with data is best left for data users. For example, Sven Geggus has demonstrated the principle of rendering with auto-generated transliterations. The German OpenStreetMap (Mapnik style) transliterates many scripts to Latin using OSM map l10n functions. We want to avoid adding in tags into our database for every named object via automated or semi-automated Import.
Instead we only put commonly used names in other languages into the database. While we typically think of these as translations, in most cases names that fit this criteria are not literal translations, example: the lake that the city of "Genève" ("Geneva" in English) lies on is in French ("Genève" is a French speaking city even if it has a German-speaking community), bordering "Lac Léman" in French (name also used in France that also borders the lake) or "Genfersee" in German (in other parts of Switzerland also bordering the same lake). The default name has to be one of the local names: "Genève" for the city, "Lac Léman" or "Genfersee" for the lake. These are names which have been used by people on the ground, speaking in different languages (In general we're following Good practice#Map what's on the ground). Transliteration will fail to match the actual translations of names like these, hence this is useful data to add.
But for smaller towns or villages, there's no asserted translation and entering transliterations won't really be helpful. There are several transliteration methods and data users may have different needs. It's best to let users select the appropriate tools to perform these automated conversions. For example, small towns in England probably don't have a special Russian name, unless there is a local Russian community or a local authority publishes official translations of documents in other languages (using transliterations or prefered translations). Their names can all be transliterated into Russian script, but it's not a good idea to add lots and lots of tags to all the towns in England containing these transliterated names.
In addition, many transliterated names frequently have been imported as is from Wikipedia (or Wikidata) for naming their articles, but the names may have been chosen quite arbitrarily on these wikis. Importing these transliterated names into OSM is not necessary. We can just link to a single Wikidata entry or a single Wikipedia article in a single language, preferably the main language used locally, in order to find the other articles.
On the other hand, some countries which use an official local language not written in the Latin script (notably in China, India, and Arabic countries) are also providing their own official romanization that should be used and tagged with the appropriate tag for the target language code (multiple official transliteration schemes used locally are extremely rare or exist only for historic reasons when the schemes have changed). In other words, always prefer local sources to any other international sources for transliterations (there's a separate tag int_name=* for the latter, which should be based on a wellknown international standard, e.g. IATA for airport names, otherwise use a geographic international transliteration standard scheme).
loc_name
loc_name=* is for the name of a feature as it is known locally, but only where this is deemed to be too much of a slang name or otherwise unofficial-sounding. Ordinarily though, the name which local people use is the name we set in the name=* tag! Examples where we have used loc_name=*:
- There is a bridge in Glasgow known as the Squinty Bridge, but its official name is the Clyde Arc. I have never heard anyone calling it that, so the bridge is tagged loc_name=Squinty Bridge name=Clyde Arc.
- In Reading there's Union Street, but it's been known for decades as Smelly Alley on account of the fishmongers that lined it. The loc_name=* is ideal.
alt_name
Apply when an alternative name exists, e.g., a street name has different syntax, sometimes even on street signs, although it is not only for street names.
Don't use it for abbreviations and only when one of the other name types don't apply, e.g., reg_name=* or name:xx=* for regional translations.
These alternative names are usually not rendered, but can be used by applications like Nominatim.
sorting_name
sorting_name=* is a proposed approach to supply an alternate name which systems can use for the purpose of sorting alphabetically. This would be useful for street names in some languages/countries, particularly Russian, where words like "Street" are frequently used as a prefix. This is problematic if you simply sort on the main name=* tag.
Date namespace suffix for historical names
The date namespace suffix can be used for historical names, e.g., name:1953-1990=Ernst-Thälmann-Straße.
Repeating name with language specific tag
name=* contains "The common default name". name:lang_code=* contains name in specified language, for example name:ru=Москва contains name in Russsian language (it has language code ru) and name:en=Moscow contains name in English (language code en).
Moscow is also tagged with name=Москва, with the same value as name:ru=Москва. It is correct and useful, names in specific languages must not be deleted just because their value is the same as one in name=*.
Deprecated tags
The suffixed tags name_1=* and alt_name_1=* should no longer be used for tagging. They are the result of old imports that were not defined very well.
Currently, the iD Editor automatically suffixes tags that are entered twice in the raw tag editor. Please watch out for this when saving your edit, using one of the tags above.
Maps
ITO Map has a layer to highlight named and unnamed and/or addressed buildings.
See also
External links
- United States Postal Service Official Abbreviations, e.g., street-type abbreviations.