Zh-hans:土地利用
 要素 : Zh-hans:土地利用
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| 说明 |
| 土地利用描述了人类对土地的用途，例如农场，牧场和住宅。 |
| 标签 |
该页面指导了土地利用的定义以及如何绘图。
土地利用，顾名思义，它描述了一块土地的用途，例如：住房，商业活动，农业，教育，休闲等。
它与“土地覆被”不同-土地覆被描述了覆盖土地的物体和表面。这两个概念是互补的，可以同时使用。土地利用可能是“军事区”，但土地覆被可能是“荒地”，或者土地利用可能是“休闲”，而土地覆被可能是“草”。
一些功能标签同时意味着土地利用和土地覆被。例如，landuse=vineyard定义了一个被葡萄藤覆盖并用于生产葡萄的区域。
As OpenStreetMap has evolved over time, land use is now mapped with a variety of tags including landuse=*, amenity=*, leisure=*, and tourism=*. See the table below for examples.
Generally a piece of land is tagged with one land use only. Sometimes mappers give more detail within a larger area. For example a leisure=playground tag may be used on a playground that is fully contained within a particular landuse=residential area. But areas partly overlapping other areas should be avoided (Do not stretch one playground over two residential areas).
如何绘制
有不同的土地利用绘图手法。
绘制为点
土地利用的性质是一个区域。但是，如果没有可靠的信息将土地利用绘制为区域，则可以将其绘制为点并在可行时更新为区域。例如，最好将landuse=cemetery绘制为点，而不是忽略它。
当将其绘制为点时，landuse=railway之类的土地利用是无用的，不值得这样做。
绘制为大面积封闭区域
When first mapping a place many mappers draw large uninterrupted shapes around areas that are assumed to have a single land use (this technique is suggested on LearnOSM.org). Typically these areas might be tagged with quite broad uses such as landuse=commercial, landuse=industrial or landuse=residential (where this is discussed further).
While this is useful as a starting point, it quickly becomes necessary to break these areas down to add more detail to the map - for example to add schools, health facilities, parks etc. into broad areas initially outlined as residential.
更详细地绘制土地利用
有两种主要方法可以更详细地绘制土地利用。它们的主要区别在于如何对待专用于公共高速公路或其他运输网络的土地。但仅方法一是推荐的，为了保持数据更好的可维护性，不要采用第二种做法！
1. 绘制地表实况
该方法的关键是严格按照现实世界中每个土地利用的边界绘制边界。例如，要绘制用于学校的土地，请描绘学校已使用或可用的土地边界的形状；要绘制住宅区，应包括实际上属于住房及其花园与私人车道的土地。
Land that is dedicated to the public highway (both the carriageway and the pavement/verge) is not land that is available for other uses i.e. you can't build a house on it, and so it shouldn't be mapped as such. While a landuse=highway tag has been proposed it is not currently in use and so land used as public highway should simply be left blank.
这种方法在很大程度上使公路网线和土地利用多边形保持分离，从而使后续编辑更简单，更准确。在城市地区，成果将是公路网络之间的土地利用多边形的“岛屿”。
2. 使用公路中心线
一些制图者采用的另一种方法是绘制在具有公路中心线的公共公路共享节点上延伸的土地利用多边形，或者对公路网络进行分割，并根据分割的关系创建土地利用区域。虽然这样可以减少绘制的几何图形，但随后的编辑更加复杂。这增加了不仅破坏土地利用区域而且破坏高速公路网络的风险。它的准确性也较低，将相邻的土地利用扩展到专用于公共高速公路的土地上。
不要这样做！
如何标记土地利用
请注意，目前正在进行有关如何标记某些类型的土地利用的讨论。参见Proposed features/highway与森林。
现存部分土地利用表
下表是“进行中的工作”(将持续更新)。单击标题中的符号以不同方式对表格进行排序。
| Purpose | Category | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| Aerodrome (airport) | Transportation | aeroway=aerodrome or landuse=military + military=airfield |
| Allotments | Agriculture | landuse=allotments |
| Aquaculture | Agriculture | landuse=aquaculture |
| Basin | Water | landuse=basin - a man made water control or storage device. Used only for the (intermittently) water-covered area |
| Beach | Natural or Developed | natural=beach. leisure=beach_resort Beach is landform alongside a body of water which consists of loose particles. |
| Brownfield | Developed | landuse=brownfield - land scheduled for new development which was previously used for other purposes. |
| Cemetery | Developed or Natural | landuse=cemetery or amenity=grave_yard |
| College | Developed | amenity=college - an institue of Further Education (e.g. Junior College or Continuing Education) |
| Commercial | Developed | landuse=commercial - offices and non-retail services |
| Construction | Developed | landuse=construction - area currently under construction |
| Fallow | Agriculture | No specific tag has been documented. Fallow land often indicates that the land is used for agriculture see landuse=farmland or landuse=meadow. |
| Farm land | Agriculture | landuse=farmland and landuse=farmyard |
| Forestry | Agriculture | Some think there is no specific tag. landuse=forest is used by some for areas that are used to obtain forest products, by others simply for any tree-covered areas. See Forest for related tags and discussion of the situation. |
| Garden | Leisure | leisure=garden |
| Garages | Developed | landuse=garages (often within landuse=residential). |
| Graveyard | Developed or Natural | landuse=cemetery or amenity=grave_yard |
| Grazing | Agriculture | landuse=meadow for pasture used for grazing animals or for hay or silage for animals. There is no specific tag for low-intensity rangeland. For other areas of grass see Landcover. |
| Greenfield | Other | landuse=greenfield is used to describe land that has been scheduled for some sort of construction. |
| Greenhouses | Agriculture | landuse=greenhouse_horticulture |
| Highways | Transportation | No approved tag at present, but there is a proposal to use landuse=highway for the purpose. |
| Hospital | Developed | amenity=hospital |
| Industrial | Developed | landuse=industrial |
| Landfill | Developed | landuse=landfill |
| Meadow | Agriculture | landuse=meadow - also used for pastures |
| Military | Military | landuse=military, and optionally also military=naval_base, military=range, military=danger_area or military=barracks. For military aerodrome use aeroway=aerodrome and aerodrome=military or military=airfield. |
| Mine (open pit) | Developed | landuse=quarry - used for quarries and open pit mines |
| National Park | Leisure | boundary=national_park. See also boundary=protected_area |
| Nature reserve | Leisure | leisure=nature_reserve. See also boundary=protected_area and the discussion about terms (International consistency) |
| Orchard | Agriculture | landuse=orchard - also used for coffee, tea and palm oil plantations |
| Park | Leisure | leisure=park (sometimes smaller parks are included within landuse=residential. |
| Parking | Transportation | amenity=parking, amenity=motorcycle_parking or amenity=bicycle_parking. |
| Pasture | Agriculture | landuse=meadow - used for meadow or pasture |
| Plant nursery | Agriculture | landuse=plant_nursery |
| Plantation | Agriculture | landuse=orchard - for coffee, tea, banana and oil palm plantations |
| Quarry | Developed | landuse=quarry - also used for open pit mines |
| Railway | Transportation | landuse=railway |
| Recreation ground | Developed | landuse=recreation_ground - also see park |
| Religious | Developed | landuse=religious or amenity=place_of_worship |
| Reservoir | Water | landuse=reservoir or man_made=reservoir_covered or newer tagging natural=water + water=reservoir |
| Residential | Developed | landuse=residential |
| Retail | Developed | landuse=retail |
| School | Developed | amenity=school. Sometimes within a landuse=residential area. |
| Salt pond | Water | landuse=salt_pond - used only for the intermittently water-covered area of the pond |
| University | Developed | amenity=university. Possibly included within a broader landuse category. |
| Village green | Leisure | landuse=village_green |
| Vineyard | Agriculture | landuse=vineyard |
| Waste water treatment | Developed | man_made=wastewater_plant |
绘制土地利用的挑战
key:landuse 值并非在所有情况下都表示土地利用
土地使用标签已经随着时间的推移而发展，而且并不总是得到一致使用。例如，landuse=forest用于指示任何树木覆盖的区域，而不是指专门用于林业和木材生产的区域。
| Purpose | Comment |
|---|---|
| Grass | landuse=grass does not always describe a land use, it often describes a Landcover. |
| Forest | landuse=forest is not clearly distinguished from natural=wood as both usually are areas covered with trees. Determining if the trees are actually used and in what way is difficult. See Forest for more details. |
提议
英国国家土地利用数据库与Openstreetmap
The following table compares land use classes from the UK National Land Use Database (NLUD) in Great Britain, and the commonly used land use tags on OpenStreetMap (mostly values of the key landuse=*).
If a tag sometimes describes more than one land use category, it is followed by an asterisk (*).
In many cases, a sub-category on the NLUD will be represented by several different features in Openstreetmap (for example, community services). In other cases, several categories may used the same tag (for example, landuse=industrial).
| National Land Use Database | OSM land use tags | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture and fisheries | Agriculture | U011 | landuse=farmland landuse=meadow landuse=orchard landuse=vineyard landuse=greenhouse_horticulture landuse=farmyard* |
| Fisheries | U011 | landuse=aquaculture for specific areas of land or water used for aquaculture. | |
| Forestry | Managed forest | U021 | Usually landuse=forest (but sometimes mapped as natural=wood). See Forest |
| Un-managed forest* | U022 | Commonly natural=wood (but often mapped as landuse=forest). See Forest | |
| Minerals | Mineral workings and quarries | U031 | landuse=quarry - quarries, gravel pits and surface mines landuse=salt_pond - salt evaporation ponds, salterns |
| Recreation and leisure | Outdoor amenity and open spaces | U041 | leisure=park, leisure=garden, leisure=beach_resort, leisure=dog_park, leisure=playground, landuse=recreation_ground* (also sports). Sometimes landuse=village_green*, landuse=grass* (but see links for the issues with these two tags). |
| Amusement and show places | U042 | tourism=zoo, tourism=theme_park, tourism=aquarium, leisure=water_park and other values of leisure=* and tourism=*. | |
| Libraries, museums and galleries | U043 | tourism=museum, amenity=library, amenity=theatre, amenity=arts centre, tourism=gallery; also see historic=*. | |
| Sports facilities and grounds | U044 | leisure=sports_centre, leisure=pitch, leisure=stadium, leisure=golf_course, and other values of leisure=*. Also see landuse=recreation_ground. | |
| Holiday parks and camps | U045 | tourism=picnic_site, tourism=camp_site, tourism=caravan_site, leisure=summer_camp | |
| Allotments and city farms | U046 | landuse=allotments for allotment gardens. Also landuse=farmland is sometimes used for urban farms, leisure=garden is sometimes used for household gardens. | |
| Transport | Transport tracks and ways | U051 | landuse=industrial landuse=railway aeroway=aerodrome |
| Transport terminals and interchanges | U052 | ||
| Car parks | U053 | landuse=garages, amenity=parking | |
| Vehicle storage [other than cars] | U054 | landuse=industrial, landuse=railway or landuse=depot | |
| Goods and freight terminals | U055 | landuse=industrial landuse=port landuse=railway* | |
| Waterways | U056 | waterway=riverbank (channelised rivers) natural=water + water=* (canal, lock, etc) | |
| Utilities and infrastructure | Energy production and distribution | U061 | power=plant + landuse=industrial |
| Water storage and treatment | U062 | landuse=reservoir man_made=wastewater_plant | |
| Refuse disposal | U063 | landuse=landfill | |
| Cemeteries and crematoria | U064 | landuse=cemetery amenity=grave_yard | |
| Post and telecommunications | U065 | landuse=commercial amenity=post_depot | |
| Residential | Dwellings | U071 | landuse=residential landuse=farmyard* |
| Hotels, boarding and guest houses | U072 | landuse=commercial for general area. Specific features mapped as tourism=hotel, tourism=hostel, tourism=guest_house, tourism=motel, leisure=resort, etc. | |
| Residential institutions | U073 | amenity=social_facility + social_facility=* or amenity=nursing_home | |
| Community services | Medical and health care services | U081 | (amenity=hospital amenity=clinic) |
| Places of worship | U082 | landuse=religious or amenity=place_of_worship | |
| Education | U083 | (amenity=school, amenity=university, amenity=college, amenity=kindergarten, etc...) | |
| Community services | U084 | amenity=police, amenity=fire_station, amenity=townhall, amenity=courthouse, office=government, etc. | |
| Retail | Shops | U091 | landuse=retail or shop=mall |
| Financial and professional services | U092 | landuse=retail or landuse=commercial | |
| Restaurants and cafes | U093 | landuse=retail | |
| Public houses and bars | U094 | landuse=retail | |
| Industry and business | Manufacturing | U101 | landuse=industrial |
| Offices | U102 | landuse=commercial | |
| Storage | U103 | landuse=industrial | |
| Wholesale distribution | U104 | landuse=industrial | |
| Vacant and derelict | Vacant | U111 | disused:landuse=* or landuse=* + disused=*, also see landuse=brownfield |
| Derelict | U112 | abandoned:landuse=* or landuse=* + abandoned=*, also see landuse=brownfield | |
| Defence | Defence | U121 | landuse=military |
| Unused land | Unused land | U131 | Not mapped as a particular landuse, but see Landcover and boundary=protected_area |
参见
- OSM Landuse Landcover: A WebGIS application to explore the OpenStreetMap database specifically in terms of land use and land cover information.